23. A paper titled "The effect of peer group pressure on adolescent smoking" would most likely have been written by a ____________ psychologist. 

A. clinical

B. developmental

C. social

D. school

24. Gestalt psychologists pointed out that: 

A. in order to understand the whole, you must study the basic elements.

B. you miss the big picture if you become preoccupied with the pieces.

C. measurement is the key to understanding.

D. human beings have evolved through the process of adaptation.

25. Which of the following statements is consistent with cultural relativity? 

A. "Culture A is superior to Culture B."

B. "Culture A is inferior to Culture B."

C. "Culture A is the same as Culture B."

D. "Culture A is different from Culture B."

26. Classifying patterns of abnormal behavior fulfills the goal of: 

A. influence.

B. prediction.

C. understanding.

D. description.

27. A campus counseling center is interviewing college students to determine drinking habits during sporting events. This best fits with which goal of psychology? 

A. describing

B. predicting

C. understanding

D. influencing

28. Participants in a study are sent to listen to a lecture either in a lecture hall filled with natural light or in a lecture hall with no windows and completely artificial light. Before leaving the lecture, they fill out a mood survey. What is the independent variable in this study? 

A. lecture hall

B. lecture

C. type of light

D. mood survey

29. A researcher tells a group of participants that as part of his experiment they are going to receive "painful" electrical shocks. He tells a second group that they will receive electric shocks, but that the shocks will only produce a "mild tickling" sensation. He asks participants in both groups whether they prefer to wait alone or with others while he sets up the shock machinery. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable? 

A. painful shocks

B. mild shocks

C. participants' answers to the question

D. the shock machinery

30. Professor O'Connell gives one group of children daily vitamins and the other group no vitamins. The professor observes that English grades improve in children receiving vitamins. English grades begin to drop in children receiving no vitamins. What is the independent variable in this study? 

A. age of the children

B. improvement in children's attention spans

C. English grades

D. vitamins

31. Professor Jacobs believes that sleep deprivation is related to conflicts between roommates. He collects data on the number of hours of sleep and the number of roommate conflicts for a group of college students over the course of a month. He obtains a correlation coefficient of -0.75. What can he conclude? 

A. 75 percent of the roommate conflicts he investigated were not related to sleep deprivation.

B. With fewer hours of sleep there were fewer conflicts.

C. With fewer hours of sleep there were more conflicts.

D. Hours of sleep and conflicts were not related.

32. If students in Dr. Johnson's class want an "A," they must agree to be participants for Dr. Johnson's research project. Which ethical principle is being violated? 

A. limited deception

B. adequate debriefing

C. freedom from coercion

D. confidentiality

33. A researcher conducted an experiment to test a new cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. After 6 months of administering the therapy with his clients, the researcher found that 75 percent of his clients got better. He proclaimed the new therapy successful. What was wrong with this study? 

A. There was no dependent variable.

B. There was no placebo group.

C. He did not use a representative sample.

D. Six months is too short a time to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.

34. In surveys of adolescents, adolescents claim that they begin smoking cigarettes because of peer pressure. In observing adolescent groups, however, you rarely see an adolescent offer another student a cigarette or ask another student whether they would like to smoke. You predict that peer pressure is NOT the primary reason that adolescents smoke cigarettes. You have just formulated a(n): 

A. theory.

B. hypothesis.

C. observation.

D. variable.

35. Which of the following is an example of clinical research? 

A. Asking all general psychology students to complete a mood survey for extra credit.

B. Conducting a series of interviews over a year with an anxiety-disordered student.

C. Observing the study habits of students in the library versus those of students in the cafeteria.

D. Assigning half the psychology students to computerized instruction and half to the traditional classroom.