Verified answer

Yes, Western. Many musical traditions aren't written down at all, but passed on from one player to another, often as master and pupil.

Modern staff notation developed from a system called neumes, devised for church music around the 9th century CE.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_notation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumes

Images survive from Ancient Greece and Rome (among other cultures) of a variety of musical instruments, including trumpets, horns, lyres, reed pipes, and flutes. Greek vases and Trajan's column provide examples.

It is part of Western music. Western music encompasses classical, baroque, romantic, plainsong, all of it. You're probably thinking of plainsong.

I think it is possibly Plainsong that you are meaning

Folk music.

classical